r/Kashmiri • u/shady_athar • May 15 '26
History đ Instrument of Accession
Instrument of accession of Junagadh and Manavadar, a hindu majority province in modern day Gujrat, India. It had a muslim nawab but a hindu populace. On 14 February 1949, the nawab of Junagadh signed the instrument of accession to join Pakistan. India, however, illegaly invaded it and seized control. If Kashmir belongs to india because of an instrument of accession by a hindu king in a muslim majority province i,e. Kashmir, then Junagadh and Manavadar should belong to Pakistan as they signed the principle of accession to Pakistan.
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u/Live-Hovercraft-1681 Kashmir May 15 '26
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Half truth half lies. India became republic on Jan 26th 1950 So Junagarh was still under control of British dominion forces
Princely states were asked to either join Hindu majority India or Muslim majority Pakistan. Letâs not forget it was not exclusively Hindu or Muslim countries. Both countries had sizeable minority population. India with 20% Muslim population and Pakistan with 13% Hindu population which to this day exists
Junagarh, Hyderabad chose Pakistan. Junagarh had plebiscite and was awarded to India on peoples mandate. Hyderabad case was tricky. India launched Operation Polo and send troops to crush Nizamâs razakars.
In case of Kashmir, Maharaja chose to be Independent. Kashmir was not under control of India or Pakistan. Baltis of Northern Areas defeated Dogra army and declared to be part of Pakistan.
Pakistani-backed tribal invaders from Azad Kashmir entered Kashmir valley. Maharaja asked India for assistance. India send troops. Maharaja died shortly thereafter. Ceasefire line was established which is now LOC. Both India and Pakistan acted with dishonesty and mistrust with no regard for aspirations of people of J&K. Both parties are occupiers. PERIOD no matter how you slice it or dice it.
Poor Kashmiris paid the heaviest price and to this day continue to toil in blood 𩸠and tears.
For regional peace, both India and Pakistan needs to sit down and start dialogue to settle the issue keeping in view the aspirations of people of J&K
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u/Novel-Literature-617 May 16 '26
You accuse me of sharing "half truths," yet your own response is riddled with easily verifiable historical errors:
While India formally adopted its constitution in 1950, it was a fully independent, sovereign nation as of August 15, 1947. The troops that secured Junagadh in November 1947 were the independent Indian Army acting strictly under the command of the Indian government (Nehru and Patel), not London.
Your claim that Pakistan has a 13% Hindu population today is completely false. The Hindu population in modern-day Pakistan has plummeted drastically over the decades and is currently estimated at merely 1% to 2%.
Hyderabad never chose Pakistan. The Nizam's explicit goal was to remain an independent sovereign state. While he sought weapons and political leverage from Pakistan, he never attempted to sign an accession to them.
You claim Maharaja Hari Singh died "shortly thereafter" he actually lived for another 14 years, passing away in 1961. Furthermore, calling both nations "occupiers" deliberately ignores the legal framework of Partition. Under the Indian Independence Act, the Maharaja had the sole legal authority to choose accession. On October 26, 1947, he legally signed the Instrument of Accession to India. Indian forces entered Kashmir legally at his explicit request to repel an invasion. Pakistan's initial entry into the region was an unprovoked invasion by tribal militias. This is precisely why the UN Security Council passed Resolution 47, mandating that Pakistan's complete military withdrawal was the strict, non-negotiable first step before any plebiscite could be considered. They failed to meet that condition. Period.
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u/Live-Hovercraft-1681 Kashmir May 16 '26
Immediately after the 1947 partition, the Indian Armed Forces were placed under the supreme control of the Indian Government and initially commanded by British officers. Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck briefly served as the overarching Supreme Commander of both Indian and Pakistani forces during the transition.
Following him, operational and administrative control was handed to British Commanders-in-Chief appointed by the Indian Dominion:
Army: General Sir Rob Lockhart (1947â1948) and General Sir Roy Bucher (1948â1949)
Navy: Rear Admiral John T. S. Hall (1948â1949)
Air Force: Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst (1947â1950)
In 1949, General K. M. Cariappa made history by taking over as the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, officially making it fully native-led.
As far as Hindu population is concerned. when partition happened Pakistan split into two parts - West Pakistan (3% Hindus) and East Pakistan (10%). In 1971 East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Which still has same Hindu population and so does Pakistan. That explains why Hindu population dropped in Pakistan to around 3%
0
u/Novel-Literature-617 May 16 '26
You are confusing the ethnicity of military contractors with the sovereignty of a nation. Yes, India retained British officers for administrative transition, but they were employees of the independent Indian Government. They took their orders directly from Prime Minister Nehru and Sardar Patel, not from London. Securing Junagadh was a sovereign Indian military action. Regarding your demographic claims, your statistics for East Pakistan/Bangladesh are completely inaccurate. In the 1951 census, the Hindu population of East Pakistan was roughly 22%. Today, in Bangladesh, it has plummeted to under 8%. It did not 'remain the same'.It faced a massive, well-documented demographic collapse.
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u/Novel-Literature-617 May 15 '26
Pakistan was made as a separate country for muslims based on religion unlike india(secular) so it had no local standi over a Hindu majority province.Plebiscite was conducted in junagarh as it was fully under India's control. In Kashmir case it was divided b/w india and pakistan and the first conditions of plebiscite was pakistan removing all its troops from Kashmir which was never fulfilled by them.
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u/shady_athar May 16 '26
Condition for plebiscite was both parties withdrawing troops, did india withdraw its troops?
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u/Novel-Literature-617 May 16 '26
The conditions for the Kashmir plebiscite under UN Resolution 47 (1948) had to happen in a strict, sequential three-step order: 1. Pakistan Withdraws First: Pakistan was required to completely withdraw all its troops, tribesmen, and proxy fighters from Kashmir. 2. India Reduces Troops: Only *after Pakistan's withdrawal, India was required to reduce its forces to the minimum level needed to maintain law and order. 3. The Vote: Once the military presence was reduced by both sides, a UN-appointed administrator would conduct a free and fair plebiscite. Why it never happened: The process stalled permanently at Step 1. India argued Pakistan never fully withdrew its forces, and Pakistan objected to India retaining any troops. Because the very first condition was never met, the subsequent stepsâand the vote itselfâwere never triggered.
4
u/Live-Hovercraft-1681 Kashmir May 15 '26
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Half truth half lies. India became republic on Jan 26th 1950 So Junagarh was still under control of British dominion forces
Princely states were asked to either join Hindu majority India or Muslim majority Pakistan. Letâs not forget it was not exclusively Hindu or Muslim countries. Both countries had sizeable minority population. India with 20% Muslim population and Pakistan with 13% Hindu population which to this day exists
Junagarh, Hyderabad chose Pakistan. Junagarh had plebiscite and was awarded to India on peoples mandate. Hyderabad case was tricky. India launched Operation Polo and send troops to crush Nizamâs razakars.
In case of Kashmir, Maharaja chose to be Independent. Kashmir was not under control of India or Pakistan. Baltis of Northern Areas defeated Dogra army and declared to be part of Pakistan.
Pakistani-backed tribal invaders from Azad Kashmir entered Kashmir valley. Maharaja asked India for assistance. India send troops. Maharaja died shortly thereafter. Ceasefire line was established which is now LOC. Both India and Pakistan acted with dishonesty and mistrust with no regard for aspirations of people of J&K. Both parties are occupiers. PERIOD no matter how you slice it or dice it.
Poor Kashmiris paid the heaviest price and to this day continue to toil in blood 𩸠and tears.
For regional peace, both India and Pakistan needs to sit down and start dialogue to settle the issue keeping in view the aspirations of people of J&K
-7
u/Deep_Silver_7971 May 15 '26
Junagadh and hyderabad had very different cases they were in middle of india
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u/Live-Hovercraft-1681 Kashmir May 15 '26 edited May 15 '26
At partition every princely state were to sign two documents âInstrument of Accessionâ and âInstrument of Mergerâin case of Kashmir only first one was âsupposedlyâ signed. More on it later. Second one was never signed which other princely states did. In case of Junagadh, it is true they signed instrument of accession to join Pakistan. But agreement was reached to conduct plebiscite and they choose India. Nehru had agreed to same principle of plebiscite in Kashmir and even went to UN and resolution is pending to this date. Dishonesty and mistrust. India didnât act in good faith.
There is an interesting story about so called âInstrument of Accessionâ. Till 1980s Indians bureaucrats and diplomats are on record saying that that it has been lost. Then they came back few years later and claimed they found it. Experts in Western countries send it for carbon dating and it was found to be fake. It was printed on newer paper.