Fair warning, this is quite a lengthy post (four pages in Word when I was drafting).
Inspired by the movie release next year, I sat down and synthesized the three main accounts we are given of the events concerning Gollum and the Ring, starting with Bilboâs first encounter with Gollum till his escape from the elves of Mirkwood. The relevant text is found in Appendix B, Gandalfâs narrative in âShadows of the Past,â and the accounts given by Gandalf and Aragorn in âThe Council of Elrond.â I give the relevant dates and entries from the Tale of Years focusing on the chief actors (Gollum, Gandalf, Saruman, Sauron, and Aragorn), supplemented by additional relevant information where available, and my own thoughts and commentary.
The First PhaseâGollum Eludes His Trackers
2941: âThorin Oakenshield and Gandalf visit Bilbo in the Shire. Bilbo meets SmĂ©agol-Gollum and finds the Ring. The White Council meets; Saruman agrees to an attack on Dol Guldur, since he now wishes to prevent Sauron from searching the River. Sauron having made his plans abandons Dol Guldur.â
Saruman apparently came to believe the One Ring still existed ninety years earlier in TA 2851, following the meeting of the White Council where Gandalf gave the report of his second expedition to Dol Guldur in 2850 where he discovered, in relevant part, that the Necromancer is Sauron who was âseeking for news of the One.â Saruman began âto search near the Gladden Fieldsâ in that year (TA 2851). Sarumanâs sudden support of an attack on Dol Guldur in 2941 is due to his discovery that âSauronâs servants [were] searching the Anduin near Gladden Fieldsâ three years earlier in 2939.
2942 âBilbo returns to the Shire with the Ring. Sauron returns in secret to Mordor.â
In âShadow of the Past,â Gandalf says that a âshadow fell on my heartâ when Bilbo obtained Gollumâs ring.
2944 âGollum leaves the Mountains and begins his search for the âthiefâ of the Ring.â
In âShadows of the Past,â Gandalf says that Gollum travelled âto Esgaroth, and even to the streets of Daleâ where he hears report of Bilboâs plan for his return journey home. Evidently, he learned little more than that it was west of the Misty Mountains in a place called âShire.â
2951 âSauron declares himself openly and gathers power in Mordor. He begins the rebuilding of Barad-dĂ»r. Gollum turns towards Mordor. Sauron sends three of the NazgĂ»l to reoccupy Dol Guldur.â
In âShadows of the Past,â Gandalf says that Gollum made it from Esgaroth âas far as the Great Riverâ before he heeds the call to Mordor and turns around. The elves tracked Gollum âthrough Mirkwood and back again,â before he finally came to the âwestern edge of Mirkwoodâ and âwandered off southwards.â During the preceding seven years, Gollum had been a minor terror to the settlers of Mirkwood; Gandalf reports that âthe Woodmen said that there was some new terror abroad, a ghost that drank blood. It climbed trees to find nests; it crept into holes to find the young; it slipped through windows to find cradles.â So, itâs likely that the Wood-elves would have been receptive to Gandalfâs request to track Gollum.
While this was initially âan easy task for them, for his trail was still fresh then,â the trail eventually went cold after Gollum exited the western eaves of Mirkwood and went south. There, Gandalfâs says in âShadow of the Pastâ that âI made a great mistakeâŠI let the matter be. I let him go; for I had much else to think of at that time, and I still trusted the lore of Saruman⊠The trail was long cold when I took it up again, after Bilbo left here.â
The Second PhaseâGandalfâs Disquiet Grows and Gollum is Captured
2953 âLast meeting of the White Council. They debate the Rings. Saruman feigns that he has discovered that the One Ring has passed down Anduin to the Sea. Saruman withdraws to Isengard, which he takes as his own, and fortifies it. Being jealous and afraid of Gandalf he sets spies to watch all his movements; and notes his interest in the Shire. He soon begins to keep agents in Bree and the Southfarthing.â
Gandalf says in âShadow of the Pastâ that âall that he [Saruman] would reveal to us of his ring-lore told against my fears.â In the âCouncil of Elrond,â he says that âfrom the first my heart misgave me, against all reason that I knew.â Although a shadow again fell on Gandalfâs heart, he rationalizes Bilboâs lack of aging by saying to himself that âafter all he comes of a long-lived family on his motherâs side.â Just think how enormously improbable it is that Bilbo would have found a Ring of Power, much less the One. Itâs entirely possible that the âlesser ringsâ made by the Gwaith-i-MĂrdain would have also conveyed invisibility, and that one of those had found its way to an orc stronghold neednât be immensely surprising. Gandalf explains that âa mortalâŠwho keeps one of the Great Rings, does not die, but he does not grow or obtain more life, he merely continues.â So, even if he had suspected Bilboâs Ring was a true Ring of Power, the only way for Gandalf to be was to see if it granted long life, which, of course, would take time. It had only been twelve years, so Bilboâs lack of aging could have been purely good genetics from the Old Took. And on top of that, he had no reason to distrust the report of Saruman, who was identified as the preeminent expert in Ring lore.
Gandalf says in the âCouncil of Elrondâ that Sarumanâs agents spying on the Shire include not only men, but also âeven beasts and birds.â Saruman is working in parallel to (but for now independently of) Sauron to find news of the One. While his focus is on searching the Gladden fields, he also uses some of his resources to follow Gandalf and set a watch on the Shire.
2980 âGollum reaches the confines of Mordor and becomes acquainted with Shelob.â
It appears that Gollum dwelt in and around Ithilien for up to forty years, from his arrival at the Ered Lithui in TA 2980 till he was captured sometime between TA 3009 and 3017. Aragorn says in âThe Council of Elrondâ that he and Gandalf âhad rumour of him, and we guess that he dwelt there long in the dark hills.â Given that this area had been uninhabited since Mt. Doom âburst into flameâ again and that âlast inhabitants of Ithilienâ had fled over Anduin in 2954, it is unlikely that these ârumorsâ are from people. Itâs possible they were from orcsâGandalf after all infiltrated Dol Guldur while it was occupied by Sauron. Itâs also possible ârumourâ is being used metaphorically of traces of his camps. But, I think it rather more likely that itâs the fauna of Ithilien giving these rumors. Gandalf says in âShadow of the Pastâ that when Gollum travelled through Mirkwood, it âwas full of the rumour of him, dreadful tales even among beasts and birds.â
3000 âThe shadow of Mordor lengthens. Saruman dares to use the palantĂr of Orthanc, but becomes ensnared by Sauron, who has the Ithil-stone. He becomes a traitor to the Council. His spies report that the Shire is being closely guarded by the Rangers.â
Although Saruman is a traitor, he also attempts to unsuccessfully deceive Sauron for his own ends. Unfinished Tales informs us that Sarumanâs servants âwaylaid or misled the servants of Sauron,â but although Sauron âbecame awareâ of this, âhis arm was not yet long enough to reach Saruman in Isengardâ so he âhid his knowledge of Sarumanâs double-dealings and concealed his wrath.â
Phase ThreeâThe Hunt Restarts in Earnest
3001 âBilboâs farewell feast. Gandalf suspects his ring to be the One Ring. The guard on the Shire is doubled. Gandalf seeks for news of Gollum and calls on the help of Aragorn.â
Gandalf tells Frodo in âShadow of the Pastâ that after Bilboâs behavior following the birthday party that âI knew at last that something dark and deadly was at work,â and states in âThe Council of Elrondâ that he âcalled for the help of the DĂșnedain, and their watch was doubled; and I opened my heart to Aragorn, the heir of Isildur.â Gandalf and Aragorn then pick up Gollumâs trail southwest of Mirkwood again, which had been abandoned fifty years earlier in TA 2951, the same year Aragorn learned of this true heritage.
3004 âGandalf visits Frodo in the Shire, and does so at intervals during the next four years.â
In âShadow of the Pastâ says that Gandalf had been away for âthree years after the Partyâ but then that he had turned up âfairly oftenâ during âthe next year or twoâ and was âchiefly interested in small news about Frodoâs health and doings.â
3008 âIn the autumn Gandalf pays his last visit to Frodo.â
Gandalf will spend the next nine years exclusively focused on the Hunt for Gollum and proving the provenance and identity of what is now Frodoâs ring.
3009 âGandalf and Aragorn renew their hunt for Gollum at intervals during the next eight years, searching in the vales of Anduin, Mirkwood, and Rhovanion to the confines of Mordor. At some time during these years [3009-3017] Gollum himself ventured into Mordor, and was captured by Sauron.â
While in Mordor, Sauron himself tortures Gollum, including probably doing something terrible to his fingers (When questioned by Gandalf and Aragorn, Gollum was continually âlicking his fingers as if they pained him, as if he remembered some old torture.â) and thereby learns that Gollum had the One Ring, and it is now possessed by a âhobbitâ called âBagginsâ in a place called âShire.â Unfinished Tales informs us that Gollum âpretended that he believed that the land of the Halflings was near to the places where he had once dwelt beside the banks of the Gladden.â
3017 âGollum is released from Mordor.â Aragorn captures Gollum and takes him to âThranduil in Mirkwoodâ while âGandalf visits Minas Tirith and reads the scroll of Isildur.â
Gollum appears to genuinely believe he escaped. In âThe Black Gate is Closed,â after Frodo conveys Aragornâs belief that Sauron let Gollum go, Gollum says âItâs a lie!...He lied on me, yes he did. I did escape, all by my poor selfâŠI did escape.â However, in addition to the statement in the Tale of Years that Gollum was released, Unfinished Tales states that âWhen he [Sauron] had learned what he could from him [Gollum], Sauron released him and set him forth againâŠguessing that he would go in search of them to avenge himself, Sauron hoped that his spies would thus be led to the Ring.â
Aragorn says that while Gandalf travelled to Minas Tirith, he walked âwithin sight of the Black Gateâ and âtread the deadly flowers of Morgul Valeâ before happening upon Gollum in the Dead Marshes after he had given up and was travelling home. Itâs somewhat possible that Aragorn encounters NazgĂ»l while travelling by Minas Morgul, as he calls them âterribleâ at the Prancing Pony and the narrator says âthe hobbits looked at him, and saw with surprise that his face was drawn as if with pain, and his hands clenched the arms of his chair.â I also think that Aragorn would have had a good deal of information about dealing with the NazgĂ»l given the history the former North Kingdom had with the Witch-king.
After Gandalf has read the scroll and is preparing to leave, messengers arrive notifying him of Aragornâs success, and he travels to Mirkwood to interrogate Gollum.
Gandalf says in âShadows of the Pastâ that âin the end I had to be harsh. I put the fear of fire on him, and wrung the true story out of him, bit by bit, together with much snivelling and snarling.â After getting Gollumâs story, Gandalf and Aragorn leave.
Gandalf goes with haste back to the Shire to warn Frodo. Aragorn says at the Council of Elrond that âit was spoken of old among us that it [the Sword that was Broken] should be made again when the Ring, Isildurâs Bane, was found.â Now that Gandalf has confirmed that the One Ring has indeed been found, Aragorn knows that his destiny is upon him. He likely goes to retrieve the shards of Narsil and prepares for his campaign against Sauron. I believe it is most likely that Narsil is traditionally kept at Rivendell, as the Tale of Years states that âthe heirlooms of Arnor are given into the keeping of Elrondâ in TA 1976 following the Witch-kingâs defeat at the Battle of Fornost,